{"id":3185,"date":"2024-01-13T02:27:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-13T02:27:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/?page_id=3185"},"modified":"2024-04-30T01:21:58","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T00:21:58","slug":"gplus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/gplus","title":{"rendered":"Curated Shorts"},"content":{"rendered":"


\nWelcome to our curated articles collection, from a variety of sources. The articles are now grouped by topic. Full length articles published by MathSciTech continue to be on the main site<\/a>.
\nThis year in April 2024, it will have been 10 years since we began this collection of 300+ thought-provoking articles.<\/i><\/p>\n\n

Curated Articles by Topic
\nA. Mathematics, Its Applications, Its History<\/a>
\n+ 1. Mathematics & Applied Maths<\/a>
\n+ 2. History of Mathematical Sciences and Mathematicians<\/a>
\nB. Science, Technology, & Computing<\/a>
\n+ 3. Space & Space-Related Science<\/a>
\n+ 4. Modern Astronomy & Cosmology<\/a>
\n+ 5. Breakthrough Science<\/a>
\n+ 6. Emerging Technology<\/a>
\n+ 7. Computing<\/a>
\nC. Life & the Human Condition<\/a>
\n+ 8. Future Prospects<\/a>
\n+ 9. Present Condition<\/a>
\n+ 10. Past Condition<\/a>
\n+ 11. Public Policy<\/a>
\nD. History & Civilization<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    <\/a><\/p>\n

    A. Mathematics, Its Applications, and Its History<\/h2>\n

    <\/a><\/p>\n

    1. Mathematics & Applied Maths<\/h3>\n

    2023<\/em><\/p>\n

  1. Monstrous Moonshine<\/a> – (March 2015, Erica Klarreich, Quanta) – Mathematicians have found connections between J theory of modular forms, sporadic simple groups, and connections to theoretical physics including string theory\n
  2. The Langlands and Geometric Langlands Programs – Explorations into a Grand Unified Theory of Mathematics<\/a> – (March 2022, Rachel Crowell, Scientific American). Pure mathematics and physics are finding deep connections in the modern parts of both subjects through the two Langlands Programs. The original was shared in 1969 by Robert Langlands in a private 17-page letter to Andre Weil. Connections have been found between quantum mechanics, high energy physics, condensed matter physics, and number theory, group theory, and representation theory.\n
  3. The Langlands Program in Mathematics<\/a> (June 1, 2022, Alex Kontorovich, Quanta) A far-reaching program that unifies harmonic analysis and number theory, through a bridge that includes modular forms and elliptic curves.\n
  4. Modular Forms, the \u2018Fifth Fundamental Operation\u2019 of Mathematics<\/a> (Sep 21, 2023, Jordana Cepelewicz, Quanta). There are five fundamental operations in mathematics: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modular forms.\n
  5. Elliptic curves create a new number system<\/a> (July 6, 2023, Kevin Hartnett)\n
  6. John Baez on On Elliptic Curves<\/a> (April 20, 1993, John Baez, This Week’s Finds in Mathematical Physics) – Covers elliptic curves by analogy with the sine function, but in two dimensions (complex variables), construction from first principles, as solution to differential equation, whose solution possesses a group structure, which can be used to find integer\/rational solutions to polynomial equations (Diophantine solutions, related to Andrew Wiles’ solution of Fermat’s Last Theorem).\n
  7. How math achieved transcendence<\/a>, (June 27, 2023, David Richeson, Quanta)\n
  8. Riemann’s Hypothesis<\/a> (Jan 4, 2021, Alex Kontorovich, Quanta)\n
  9. Complex numbers naturally describe the shape of space<\/a>\n
  10. Extending the Arnold conjecture on stable orbits in classical mechanics: a new geometric theory of motion<\/a> – (June 2022, Kelsey Houston-Edwards, Wired)\n
  11. Tomb Raider: An Allegory for Quantum Mechanics<\/a> – (Feb 2007, Terence Tao) – Fields Medalist mathematician Terence Tao explores how the world might appear to look from the perspective of a quantum particle. The analogy explores the link with how the world might look to us if we were a character in a computer game that allowed save points, and retries in case of death in the game.\n
  12. A Link Between Number Theory and Genetics<\/a> – (Aug 2023, SciTechDaily) – The sum-of-digits function from number theory appears in the maximum robustness of mutations in genetics via the logarithm of all possible gene sequences that map to a particular phenotype.\n
  13. Daniel Larsen (aged 17) discovered a new property of Carmichael numbers<\/a> – (October 2022, Jordana Cepelewicz, Quanta) – these are numbers that mimic the primes.\n
  14. New bounds on the number of integers that can be written as the sum of 2 rational cubes<\/a> – (November 2022, Erica Klarreich) – The bounds are 2\/21 and 5\/6. The long-standing conjecture is 1\/2.\n
  15. Another Three Fields Medals and Three Puzzles<\/a> – In 2022, there were four fields medal winners. In this article, a taste of the mathematics behind 3 of the fields medal topics are given in the form of puzzle challenges for you to try.\n
  16. A chess puzzle whose mathematics led to a Fields Medal<\/a>.\n
  17. The Mathematics behind winning games of strategy.<\/a>
    \n    <\/a><\/p>\n
  18. OpenAI is developing an artificial intelligence Q* that’s good at maths <\/a> – (December 2023, Tom Oliver, The Conversation) – The Q* AI algorithm has the ability to reason mathematically instead of employing a purely generative large language algorithm. It remains to be seen whether Q* can either do, or assist in, research-level mathematics, in much the same way that large-language AI algorithms are able to write, program or assist writers and programmers.\n
  19. Interview with a Mathematician series: John Baez<\/a> | Terence Tao<\/a> |\n
  20. Fields medalist mathematician Terence Tao comments on finding uses for ChatGPT in his mathematics<\/a> – (April 2023, PanDaily) – From intelligent search, to more efficient location of a source or citation, to parsing articles for formulas, to providing a sounding board for likely questions from bright undergraduates, to taking away tedium of administrative or formatting tasks involved in writing, coding, or preparing journal papers for publication.\n

    2022<\/em><\/p>\n

  21. ArXiV – Papers on Quantitative Science<\/a> (#282c) (Feb 1, 2022).\n
  22. Nick Higham’s Fifty ‘What Is’ Articles on Numerical Linear Algebra<\/a> and the GitHub page<\/a>
    \n#282b – The Bernoulli Numbers and the value of persistence in driving Change in Conventional Perspectives<\/strong> <\/p>\n
  23. An Introduction to the Bernoulli function<\/a>, a detailed study by Peter Lucsny, (2020).\n
  24. The Bernoulli Numbers are the Children of the Zeta Function (The Bernoulli Manifesto)<\/a>.\n
  25. Don Knuth accepts the arguments<\/a> of Peter Luchsny and changes the definition of B(1) to +1\/2 instead of previously -1\/2. Replacement pages for Concrete Mathematics<\/a>
    \n#280 – Expository Math<\/strong>
    \nA tradition in advanced math is the exposition of a subject that makes it accessible to interested non-specialists. Expository writing in mathematics can aim to provide this service for other mathematicians, or for non-mathematicians.
    \nIn this entry, I will share some expository writing aimed at mathematicians that I find effective. For me the criteria are (1) brevity and (2) scope, that is, keep it short, and take a broad lens (breadth first) view of the subject. By contrast, most formally developed mathematics is depth first, which is why it takes an academic year to develop a subject from beginning to end, layer by layer, bottom up. You can judge for yourself the value of good expository writing.<\/p>\n
  26. Birth of a Theorem\n
  27. John Baez, Week 20: On Sphere Packings, the Golden Ratio, and Exotic Simple Groups<\/a>, October 2, 1993, TWF-MP\n
  28. John Baez, Week 21: On the fundamental examples of elementary topology<\/a>, Oct 10, 1993, TWF-MP\n
  29. John Baez, Week: 39 On Noncommutative geometry, differential forms, and the Higgs boson<\/a>, Sep 24, 1994, TWF-MP\n
  30. John Baez, Week 40: On Logic and modern branches of logic used to model quantum computing<\/a>, Oct 19, 1994, TWF-MP
    \n#279 – Math & Reasoning Puzzles Suitable for Children<\/strong>
    \nPuzzles suitable for children need to be accessible, immediately appealing, and perplexingly difficult. This means they need to be easy to explain, not require a lot of symbolism or require specialized knowledge, and contain some deep ideas.
    \nHere are a few I’ve used over the years with kids (6 years+) and teenagers through adults:<\/p>\n
      \n
    1. Lion, Goat, Cabbage and Farmer. Variants: Cannibals and Missionaries. [Algorithms]\n
    2. Towers of Hanoi. [Algorithms]\n
    3. Permutations of N. [Combinatorics]\n
    4. 8-Matchstick Fish<\/a> [Symmetry]\n
    5. Bridges of Konigsberg. Variants: Draw house with central X without lifting pencil. [Network\/Graphs. Eulerian\/Hamiltonian paths and cycles]\n
    6. Sum of First 100 numbers. Variant. Sum of Squares. Sums of Nth Powers. [Gauss problem. Proof by Induction. Bernoulli Numbers]\n
    7. Triangular Numbers. Square Numbers. [Number Theory]\n
    8. Sieve of Erastosthenes. Prime Numbers. [Number Theory]\n
    9. Prime Races. Variant: Consecutive Primes. [Number Theory]\n
    10. Pascal’s Triangle. [Patterns, Combinatorics, Combinatorial Identities]\n
    11. Divisibility Rules. [Modular Arithmetic. Casting out 9s]\n
    12. Rock Paper Scissors. [Strange Algebras]\n
    13. Enumerating subsets of N-Set. [Combinatorics]\n
    14. Doubling grains of Wheat on a chessboard. [Exponential growth] Variant: Sumerian cattle [Unconstrained population growth]\n
    15. Gray code tour of binary numbers on N digits [DFS\/BFS algorithms]. Variant: Knights Tour\n
    16. More than K or less than L Heads out of N tosses [binomial distribution, tail probabilities and gambling]\n
    17. Fair distribution into 2 parts [Game Theory]. Variant: Into 3 parts. Into N Parts. [Knife Cutting Algorithm]\n<\/ol>\n

      2021<\/em>
      \n#278b –       Math & Computer Science Breakthroughs – Year in Review<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

    18. Kernal Machines unlock Deep Neural Networks, a resolution of Cantor’s Continuum Hypothesis and a larger size for the continuum than previously thought, and bridging probability theory and representation theory to come up with a model for 2D quantum gravity.\n
    19. #277b – DeepMind’s AI untangles mathematics of knots<\/a><\/strong>\n
    20. #263 – The Antikythera, the world’s earliest computer, at 100 BCE<\/a>
      \n#257 – Premier Problems in Modern Maths<\/strong>
      \nMar 6th, 2021<\/em><\/p>\n
    21. Hilbert’s problems<\/a>: 1900<\/li>\n
    22. Landau problems<\/a>: 1912<\/li>\n
    23. Weil conjectures<\/a>: 1949<\/li>\n
    24. Smale problems<\/a>: 1998<\/li>\n
    25. Simon problems<\/a>: 2000<\/li>\n
    26. Millenium prize problems<\/a>: 2000<\/li>\n

      2020<\/em>
      \n#229b – A New Proof in Number Theory goes into the fundamental nature of numbers and the nature of approximations to numbers like pi.<\/strong>       article in Quanta Magazine<\/a>
      \n#228 – Work-as-Refuge: Mathematicians and Poets, perhaps Programmers and Hobbyists too?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      “Of all common ground shared by mathematicians and poets, work-as-refuge may be the most compelling. In both mathematics and poetry, ‘You discover that your longings are universal longings, that you\u2019re not lonely and isolated from anyone. You belong,’ to borrow words from F. Scott Fitzgerald. Mathematicians and poets practice looking past artificial boundaries. In return, they are rewarded with essential, if sometimes fleeting, beauty.” – Susan D’Agostino, from How to Free your Inner Mathematician: Notes on Mathematics & Life, 2020<\/a><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

      Article<\/a>
      \n#221 – “Top Job” spot in the Wall Street Journal in 2009 and 2014 goes to “Mathematician”.<\/strong>
      \n

      \"\"

      Mathematician takes the top spot in Best Jobs (Wall Street Journal, 2009, 2014).<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

    27. What does being a mathematician entail? This lovely talk by Fields Medalist Cedric Villani in 2010<\/a> for a non-mathematical audience does an excellent job of talking about mathematics.
      \nCedric Villani himself is a lucid and entertaining speaker, sometimes called       the Lady Gaga of Mathematics (New Yorker)<\/a> for his flamboyant style and persona. His narratives are gripping – I recall listening with fascination, from start to finish, to an audio book by Villani, “Birth of a Theorem<\/a>“, on a flight between London and Seattle a few years ago. If you want to know the delights of mathematical discovery and live glimpse into what it’s like to be a professional mathematician, let Villani’s talk and book be your introduction.<\/p>\n
    28. #220 – Tribute to Mariam Mirzakhani, mathematician, first female (and first Iranian) Fields Medalist
      \nMiriam Mirzakhani passed away on Friday May 15th, 2020, after a battle with cancer for several years. In 2014, at the age of 40, she won mathematics’ highest award, the Fields Medal, for her work in the geometry of curves spaces. She leaves a daughter of 12 years, and her husband.       The New York times gives a fitting tribute Mariam.<\/a> Rest in Peace.<\/p>\n
    29. \n

      <\/a><\/p>\n

    30. #191 – Statistical Testing: Why Signal to Noise (and Type II errors) matter.<\/strong>
      \nMon 19th August, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n

      The sample size for a statistical test is a function of three factors:<\/p>\n

      (1) significance level, or what likelihood to assign Type 1 errors (false alarms). Typically this is at least 5% (95% confidence).<\/p>\n

      (2) power of the test to detect the effect, or what likelihood to assign Type 2 errors (missed detections). Typically this is at least 20% (80% power), though for important studies, this will be 10% (90% power).<\/p>\n

      (3) Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), which is the ratio of the difference in the means (signal) and the standard deviation in measurements (noise).<\/p>\n

      The result indicates the recommended sample size.<\/p>\n

      Rules of thumb:
      \nSNR=0.2 means N=500,
      \nSNR=1.0 means N=20,
      \nSNR>=2.0 means N<=6.<\/p>\n

    31. #186 – Data looks better naked. Less is more… effective, attractive, impactive.<\/strong>
      \nSat 20th July, 2019<\/em>
      \nIn Aug 2013, Joey Cherdarchuk, cofounder of Darkhorse Analytics, published the 3-part series called       Data looks better naked<\/a>.<\/p>\n

      Everyone working with tables, numbers, data, visualizations, will benefit from looking at the slides. The changes are easy to make but powerful. They embody some fundamental tenets: (1) maximize the data-ink ratio by reducing non-data related ink, (2) simplify, (3) to let the data speak for itself i.e. get rid of the clutter.<\/p>\n

      Love the quote at the end: “Perfection is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away\u201d \u2013 Antoine de Saint-Exupery<\/p>\n

      \"Data<\/a><\/p>\n

      The series:
      \nPart I:       Improve your Bar Charts<\/a><\/p>\n

      Part II: Improve your Data Tables<\/a><\/p>\n

      Part III: Improve your Heat Maps<\/a><\/p>\n

      References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Data Looks Better Naked series<\/a>
        \n        DarkHorse Analytics<\/a><\/li>\n
      2. Joey Cherdarchuk<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      3. #175 20190126 – Scientists recreate monster waves<\/a> (mathematics, physics, simulation)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      4. #163 20180928 – The Mathematics of Bell-Ringing<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      5. #153 20180816 – Artificial Intelligence – Deep Mind<\/a> (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      6. #140 20180510 – Artificial Intelligence and Navigation<\/a> (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      7. #108 20170412 – Shoelace Knot Failure<\/a> (mathematics, physics, engineering, applied to ordinary life)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      8. #105 20170129 – 23 Mathematical Puzzles to Try<\/a> (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      9. #104 20161122 – Mathematics of Gerrymandering Districts<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      10. #96 20160713 – Mathematics – the tradition<\/a> – Read the Masters! Avoid second-hand learning!\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      11. #95 20160712 – Mathematics – The Princeton Companions to Mathematics and Applied Mathematics<\/a> – tomes well worth having!\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      12. #79 20150822 – Mathematics of Image De-cluttering<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      13. #74 20150510 – String theory – Geometry tensor networks<\/a> (physics and mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      14. #71 20150412 – The Mathematics of High Performance<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      15. #69 20150221 – Mathematics – Good films about maths<\/a> and 13 masterful living mathematicians (The Csiseray Collection)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      16. #68 20150207 – Mathematical Virology – using cryptography<\/a> (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      17. #67 220150115 – The Three Temperaments of Mathematicians<\/a> – Birds, Frogs, and Beavers (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      18. #66 20141221 – Recommender systems are a hot topic<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      19. #63 20141111 – MetaMoji Note – A Digital Pencil<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      20. #62 20141103 – How to Write a 21st Century Proof<\/a> – Richard Lamport’s method. (Mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      21. #54 20140920 – LogiComix – An Epic Search for Truth<\/a> (Mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      22. #100 20160917 – Data Visualization – The Fallen in the World War<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      23. #90 20160210 – Data Science – The infographic<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      24. #81 20151007 – Analytics in the AWS cloud<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      25. #55b 20140927 – Big Data isn’t about Big<\/a> The focus on data should be about analytical capability rather than size: “‘Big Data’ is the subjective state a company finds itself in when its human and technical infrastructure can\u2019t keep pace with its data needs.”\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      26. #51 20140830 – Focusing on Data<\/a> – Big Data isn’t about Big\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      27. #49 20140819 – Presenting Data: Less terrible tables<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      28. #33 20140624 – Who, really<\/em>, is a Data Scientist?<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      29. #47 20140817 – Mathematics Prize Awards<\/a> – the 2014 International Mathematics Union awards and their recipients\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      30. #41 20140721 – Mathemati-stan – a map<\/a> (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      31. #28 20140523 – Resolving controversies in a duel: the mathematics of dueling with pistols<\/a>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      32. #17 20140425<\/a> – the algorithms behind the way we board airplanes make no sense (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      33. #13 20140424 – Probability is the heart of simulation<\/a> (Mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      34. #7 20140410 – Would Euler and Gauss have been ‘coders’ or ‘provers’ <\/strong>
        \nApril 10, 2014<\/em><\/p>\n

        Yuri Manin offers this gem: “The importance of computers for the mathematical community is that a group of people took to mathematics who had an algorithmic sort of mind, better for writing computer programs than for proving theorems. In the last century they probably would have proved theorems but nowadays they do not.
        \nHe continues:
        \n “I have a great suspicion that for example Euler today would spend much more of his time on writing software … And I believe that Gauss as well would spend much more time sitting in front of the [computer] screen.” (from An Interview with Yuri Manin, Berlin Intelligencer, 1998, pp.16-19)<\/p>\n

        “Good proofs are proofs that make us wiser.”<\/strong> – Yuri Manin (PDF of interview by Martin Aigner, 1998<\/a>)<\/p>\n

        The biography of Yuri Manin and a video interview<\/a> with mathematician David Eisenbud (2012).<\/p>\n

        Mikhail Gelfand interviews Yuri Manin (PDF)<\/a>: “We do not choose our profession, it chooses us.”<\/p>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      35. #130 20180314 – Prime Numbers – Cryptography<\/a> (mathematics)\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

      36. #111 20170703 – From Poetry to Mathematics<\/a> – the journey of June Hu over ten years to Fields Medal contender at 34, a pinnacle of mathematical achievement.\n

        2014<\/em>
        \n        <\/a><\/p>\n

      37. #3 20140319 – Prime Number Theory<\/a> – the remarkable story of Yitang Zhang and his breakthrough in Number Theory (Mathematics)
        \n
        \n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

        2. History of Mathematical Sciences and Mathematicians<\/h3>\n
      38. The forgotten maths genius who laid the foundations for Isaac Newton<\/a>\n
      39. Leibniz – Arte Combinatoria<\/a>\n
      40. Concept Writing: A Formula Language for Pure Thought (Begriffsschrift) by Frege<\/a>\n
      41. Leibniz – on Partitions of Integers, Paper by George Andrews<\/a>\n
      42. Partitions of Integers – Book<\/a>\n
      43. Tschirnhaus – 1683 – Algebraic manipulations to solve indeterminate equations<\/a>\n
      44. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Formal Logic<\/a>\n
      45. Leibniz – Couturat’s Collection of his Writings<\/a>\n
      46. The Prehistoric Origins of Mathematics <\/a>\n
      47. The Mathematics of Uruk and Susa (c.3500-3000 BCE)<\/a>\n
      48. Why Are There 360 Degrees In A Circle, Instead Of Something Useful Like 100?<\/a>\n
      49. The symbols of modern mathematics are a relatively late invention<\/a>, most not being standardized until early in the 20th century! Here’s a view of specifically set theory & logic symbols timeline<\/a>, and here a timeline of words used in maths<\/a>.
        \n        <\/a><\/p>\n
      50. #64 20141117 – The Evolution of Standards<\/a> – History of Mathematics and Science
        \n        <\/a><\/p>\n
      51. #115 20170825 – Babylonian Trigonometry<\/a> predates the Greek tradition (mathematics)
        \n
        \n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

        B. Science & Technology<\/h3>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

        3. Space and Space-Related Science<\/h3>\n
      52. How the UAE got a spacecraft to Mars \u2013 on the first try<\/a>\n
      53. UK space ambitions unveiled: Roadmap to push new frontiers<\/a>\n

        Progress in Space Exploration and Astrophysics<\/strong>
        \nThe links below capture the various developments in space exploration and astrophysics that have been noted in the short articles series since 2014.<\/em><\/p>\n

      54. #43 – Quantum Propulsion Engine, EmDrive, and Next Generation Space Technologies<\/a>\n

        <\/a>
        \n#75         20150531 – Dot Space – New Space Companies in Seattle<\/a><\/p>\n

        From UW PhD Rob Hoyt’s Tethers Unlimited, to Planetary Resources preparing to mine asteroids, Greater Seattle is home to a wave of entrepreneurial space technology companies<\/a> looking to transcend earthly business, joining the previous centers of Florida, Southern California, and Huntsville, Alabama.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Tethers Unlimited (TU)<\/a> – inter-planetary cargo transfer systems and space products<\/a> – founded by UW Aerospace Engineering PhD Rob Hoyt in Bothell, Washington (1998-2022), in 2023 acquired<\/a> by ARKA\n
        2. Planetary Resources, Inc. – asteroid mining – founded by Eric Anderson\n
        3. SpaceX – space launch technology and satellite constellation for broadband internet access- founded by Elon Musk\n
        4. Blue Origins – space launch technology – founded by Jeff Bezos, run by Rob Meyerson (former Kistler)\n
        5. Virgin Galactic – founded by Richard Branson\n
        6. Vulcan Aerospace – airborne space launch technology – founded by Paul Allen\n
        7. Aerojet Rocketdyne – small rockets and thrusters for space missions, including ion thrusters for deep space\n
        8. Spaceflight – compact yet powerful satellites, cubesats, 4in x 4in x 4in, easy to launch, CEO Jason Andrews (former Kistler)\n
        9. OneWeb – satellite constellation for broadband internet access, backed by Richard Branson\n
        10. Leosat – satellite constellation for broadband internet access\n<\/ol>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#91           20160220 – Photonic propulsion using lasers for space travel at roughly the speed of light<\/a><\/p>\n

          <\/a><\/p>\n

        11. #106 – 20170313 – Inter-planetary Radar from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)<\/a>\n

          <\/a><\/p>\n

        12. #189 – Space Sailing on the Solar Wind<\/a> – Light Sail
          \nSat 3rd August, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n
        13. #205 – Review of Space Propulsion state of the art (2019)<\/a>\n
        14. #223 – Interplanetary Space Travel: Getting There, Staying There, Getting Back<\/a>\n
        15. July 2020 – SpaceX is on a mission to populate Mars with human colonists. (Aug 7th) SpaceX wins US Air Force contract<\/a> in partnership with Lockheed Martin and the Boeing Company (United Launch Alliance), to provide rockets for NASA, breaking the dependence on Russian RD-180 rockets that has been the case for the past 20-30 years. The new rockets will use Bezos’s Blue Origin BE-4 high-power methane-oxygen engine amongst other components. More details on the contract and launch missions.<\/a>\n
        16. Oct 2021 – Internet for the Moon! NASA’s LuRaNet for 2024.<\/a>\n
        17. Jan 2022 – Geomagnetic Storms and impact on a high tech earth society – the Carrington event<\/a> is the last such massive event.\n
        18. Reinvention of the factory: microfactories<\/a> | Robotics as a service (RAAS)\n
        19. Materials Science: stronger than steel but lighter than plastic: 2DPA1<\/a>\n
        20. China sending orbiter to the outer planets<\/a>\n
        21. plasma on mars could allow humans to form oxygen and rocket fuel from water<\/a>.\n
        22. Nuclear fusion breakthrough: ignition reached<\/a>: split second using 192 simultaneous lasers, reaching energy of sun, consuming more power than the entire us electrical grid for a fraction of a second.
          \nGoogle deepmind has           trained an AI to control the highly complex real time fusion reaction<\/a><\/p>\n
        23. Space travel speeds: It takes a speed (escape velocity) of 25,000 mph to escape Earth’s gravity field | A light year is approx 10 trillion km | Moon is 300k km away<\/a>, light gets there in a second | Space speed stats:<\/a> Sound travels at c. 800 mph | Bullets can travel 3x faster than sound at 2600 mph | NASA’s X3 jet plane travels 7k mph | Parker Solar Probe used the sun’s gravity assist to accelerate to 330k mph and will raeach 450k mph | 1% of speed of light is 7M mph | Speed of light is 700M mph | Current efforts are not fast enough to travel to other stars<\/a>, as the Parker Solar Probe at 450k mph would take 6k years to reach Proxima Centuri (4.25 light years, or 40away)\n
        24. August 2022
          \n2) using a           spacecraft collision to nudge an asteroid’s position<\/a> enough to shift its overall orbit<\/p>\n
        25. The physics of a warp drive<\/a>: how it could work for faster than light travel by creating a space bubble and deforming space time so that gravity pulls the craft along\n
        26. Incompleteness of gravitational theory: a rotating universe<\/a> (another Godel incompleteness discovery) would permit time travel without going faster than light\n
        27. How the wobble from a muon indicates that not all measurements are explained by the four known forces of physics: there may be a fifth force of nature<\/a>\n

          <\/a><\/p>\n

          4. Modern Astronomy and Cosmology<\/h3>\n
        28. Gravitational Waves Should Permanently Distort Space-Time<\/a>\n
        29. The Case for a Small Universe<\/a>\n
        30. Could dark matter be made of gravitons?<\/a>\n
        31. Universe slows cosmic growth defying the theory of relativity<\/a>
          \n          <\/a><\/p>\n
        32. #110 20170618 – A conscious universe?<\/a>\n

          <\/a><\/p>\n

        33. #169 – 20181206 – Dark Fluid – An extension of the current theory of the universe<\/a>\n

          why is is 40% of the mass calculated as present at the big bang currently undetected?<\/p>\n

          2020-05-28 – Note that even of the ordinary (baryonic) matter that we understand, we can currently only account for 40% of it in the universe. Where did the rest of it go that was detected as being present in the universe shortly after the big bang? Using FRBs (Fast Radio Bursts), scientists have been able to detect an extremely diffuse gas that appears to account for a large portion of the missing matter<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

          <\/a><\/p>\n

        34. #193 – Space collisions millions of miles away may have caused some of Earth’s ice ages. Do they offer a way to control Global temperature change too?<\/a>
          \nWed 18th September, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n

          Most of us are aware of the fate of the dinosaurs, driven to extinction by an asteroid 66M years ago that crashed into Chicxulub, in the Gulf of Mexico \/ Yucatan peninsula, creating a crater 20 miles deep and 60 miles wide. What drove the extinction? The area is sulpher rich so the impact sent tons of fine particulates into the atmosphere, blocking out the sun, and creating ice age age for decades. Article 1 (National Geographic)<\/a>, new drillcore data describes Day 1 of the world following the impact: Article 2<\/a>, Article 3<\/a>, Article 4 (NY Times, subscription)<\/a><\/p>\n

          Now, new research has shown that earlier than this event, there was another ice age on earth, about 500M years ago (remember the earth is about 4.5 billion years old, life on earth about 4 billion years, and the universe 13 billion years old). This one was triggered by the collision of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter that sent debris through the solar system, reducing the extent to which the sun’s rays reached earth.<\/p>\n

          Article<\/a><\/p>\n

        35. #226 – I’ve lost my moon<\/a>\n
        36. The strange thing about dark matter.<\/a><\/li>\n
        37. #233 – Calculating Total Mass\/Energy in the Universe<\/a>\n
        38. Nov 2021 – Is our Solar System in a Magnetic Tunnel?<\/a> Telescopic observations match an analogy with camera observations inside a tunnel\n
        39. a new theory of gravitation called milgromian dynamics or mond, better matches the known data than the hypothesis of dark matter which<\/a>, like many historical scoring hypothesis was invented purely to save the appearances. This is like the theory of epicycles in astronomy, the theory of the ether in the propagation of light.
          \nThe xenon experiment has just raised the bar on           how unlikely a result would have to be observed for dark matter to be measurable<\/a>.
          \nTime to           ditch the theory of dark matter<\/a>
          \nFinding           missing atoms in the vacuum of space<\/a><\/p>\n
        40. Did Jupiter eat other planets to get so big?<\/a>\n
        41. Did Einstein get the theory of gravity wrong?<\/a>\n
        42. What is the standard model?<\/a>\n
        43. Do we live in a giant void? It could solve the puzzle of the universe’s expansion<\/a>\n
        44. The Big Bang never happened \u2013 so what did?<\/a>\n
        45. New theory claims to unite Einstein’s gravity with quantum mechanics<\/a>\n
        46. Unifying gravity and quantum mechanics without the need for quantum gravity<\/a>\n
        47. Gravity doesn’t happen instantly<\/a>
          \n          <\/a><\/p>\n
        48. #109 20170425 – Dynamics of planetary size<\/a>\n
        49. Jovian moons Europa and Ganymede have persistant water wapor<\/a> in their atmospheres<\/li>\n
        50. Dec 2021 – Wormholes can exist, as they fit within the mathematical structure of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (which also predicted the existence of black holes before they were discovered). Stable microscopic wormholes can be created and held open using quantum entanglement (2017)<\/a>. Creating and holding open a stable human-sized (macroscopic) wormhole is an area of active research.\n
        51. science of wormholes<\/a>\n
        52. MOND: Milgrom dynamics adjusts gravity theory beyond Newton\/Einstein<\/a> and the model fits unexplained astrophysical observations better than the parallel theory of dark matter. The case for two starts orbiting each other. | Another study<\/a> | Third study<\/a>\n
        53. MOND: Milgrom dynamics adjusts gravity theory beyond Newton\/Einstein<\/a> and the model fits unexplained astrophysical observations better than the parallel theory of dark matter. The case for two starts orbiting each other. | Another study<\/a> | Third study<\/a>\n
        54. Principle of least action shown to hold also in the quantum space<\/a>\n
        55. All of Physics is contained within an atom <\/a> | But inside the proton is the most complicated thing you can imagine<\/a>\n
        56. Scientists find two new minerals in Somalia meteorite <\/a>
          \n
          \n

          <\/a><\/p>\n

          5. Breakthrough Science<\/h3>\n
        57. Discovery of new ice may change our understanding of water<\/a>\n
        58. Stressed plants emit sounds that can be heard by animals, new study finds<\/a>\n
        59. Genome of Australian fly defeats killer bacteria by evolving to co-exist with it<\/a>\n
        60. Cause of grey hair may be ‘stuck’ cells, say scientists<\/a>\n

          <\/a><\/p>\n

        61. #218 – Quantum Computing – from initial demonstration to harnessing the capability<\/a><\/strong>
          \nMay 18th, 2020<\/em>
          \nIn 2019 a team at Google demonstrated “quantum supremacy”, the term used to describe the situation where a quantum computer can compute in seconds what would take thousands of years for a classic computer, even a supercomputer. But that was a very specific problem, using very particular and finicky particles called “superconducting qubits” whose time in an entangled state is tiny fractions of a second, working in a cryosat cooled to temperatures colder than in outerspace (milliKelvin). For large scale quantum computing, both the quantum particles, the hardware machinery and the algorithms will need to be refined, something which may take 5 years or it may take 50 years. Or we may discover a new law of nature in the process and find it is in fact not possible. But for now the dream is alive, at Google, Microsoft, IBM, and several other tech giants racing for computations Grand Challenge.<\/p>\n

          Article: Wired magazine<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

          <\/a>
          \n#217 –           Best of the Latest research in Computer Science<\/a><\/strong>
          \nMay 11th, 2020<\/em>
          \nThe publisher Elsevier, long reviled in academic publications for its draconian pricing policies, has opened some of its archives to make freely available its           curated “best of” collections in computer science research<\/a>. Previous years are 2018, 2019. 2020 “best of” is free until Aug 20th. <\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#211 –           Antibiotics effective on drug-resistant bacteria have been found using computer-aided drug discovery<\/a> running machine learning\/AI search algorithms on databases of pharmaceutical compounds<\/strong>
          \nFeb 21st, 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#209 –           Cancer-killing immune cells offer hope of a universal cancer therapy<\/a><\/strong>
          \n21st January, 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#208 –           Xenobots – programmable robots made of living cells created in biology\/computer-science collaboration<\/a><\/strong>
          \n15th January, 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#207 –           Human Brain-computer interfaces allow thought controlled typing speeds of up to 4-8 words per minute<\/a><\/strong>
          \n13th January, 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#206 –           Living five times (5x) longer (400-500 years) may no longer be science fiction<\/a><\/strong>
          \nThursday 9th January, 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#204 –           Are we close to Suspended Animation technology?<\/a> – the latest medical breakthrough has moved to human trials<\/strong>
          \nWednesday 20th November, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n

          #199 – Flying Electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing (eVTOL) Taxis starting 2023<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#198 – Brain Organoids – a new way to study neuroscience<\/strong>
          \nSun 20th October, 2019<\/em>
          \nStudying the human brain is notoriously difficult,and while simulation offers some insights, it is difficult to run controlled experiments on the impact of environment or disease on brain function and development. Now scientists have shown the ability to grow human brain organoids, tissues that form neuronal connections and respond to stimulation. From here, one can imagine diverse sensory research, and a pandora’s box of ethical issues, including the insertion of human brain organelle’s into animal brains.<\/p>\n

          Growing human brains<\/a><\/p>\n

          <\/a>
          \n#195 – Mind-controlled robotics – Breakthrough of a full body exoskeleton using 64 electrodes placed on the surface of the human brain of a paralyzed man<\/strong>
          \nFri 4th October, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n

          Researchers at University of Grenoble (France) and Clinatec have demonstrated the first successful trials of an exoskeleton suit (robo-suit) operated through thought-control by a young man paralyzed in all four limbs following a 15m fall at a night club. The constraint is the requirement to decode the brainwaves from 2x 64 electrodes on the surface of his brain, and translate these signals into smooth motor control commands to drive the exoskeleton, all within 350 milliseconds. The implications are astounding. Progress in neuro-computing interfaces has been extraordinarily rapid in the past 20 years. We have gone from interfacing computers with a snails brain (late 1990s\/early 2000s), to interfacing computers with rat brains (2014, see below), to interfacing computers to human brains to enable thought-controlled complex motions.<\/p>\n

          Recommended Reading<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Paralysed man moves in thought-controlled robotic exoskeleton<\/a>, Oct 4th, 2019, BBC\n

          2. Transferring Memories from One Snail to Another, through injected RNA<\/a>, May 14th 2018, LiveScience.com<\/li>\n
          3. Decision-making in snail brains<\/a>, 3 June 2016, BBC<\/li>\n
          4. Rat brains talking through each other across a computer network<\/a>, Jun 15th, 2014, MathSciTech<\/li>\n
          5. Introduction & Overview to Brain-Computer Interfaces<\/a>, Nov 25, 2018, Toward Data Science<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            #185 – Future of Personal Air Flight – Frank Zapata’s Jet Hoverboard featured<\/a> in the 2019 French Bastille Day Parade today<\/strong>
            \nSun 14th July, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#181             20190328 – Genetically enhanced soldiers<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#176             20190209 – Immortalizing the Stradivarius violin<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#175             20190126 – Scientists recreate monster waves<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#166             20181111 – Quantum Compass<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#161             20180902 – Immortality, Life Extension, and the Fountain of Youth – Have we Found the Chemical Basis of Aging, and a means for its reversal?<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#153             20180816 – Artificial Intelligence – Deep Mind<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#152             20180815 – Reversing the Greenhouse effect<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#149             20180803 – The Bell Labs Miracle in technology<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#140             20180510 – Artificial Intelligence and Navigation<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#135             20180411 – Man-made Materials as strong as steel<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#133             20180402 – Our (minute) place in a Vast Universe<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#131             20180314 – Tribute to Stephen Hawking<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#125             20171019 – Gravitational wave detection<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#118             20170921 – The Science of Sleep<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#114             20170808 – Tissue NanoTransfection (TNT)<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#88             20160121 – Hard Truths – Why science rarely wins<\/a> and the difficulty of doing the right thing at large scale (climate change)<\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#085             20151208 – The Next Frontier_ Thought as a User Interface<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#058             20141005 – The Eight Great UK Technologies<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#057             20141004 – Good news for UK Marine Technology<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#045             20140809 – The Gingerbread Man (Origami Robotics)<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#039             20140705 – Robotics powered by muscle cells<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#031             20140615 – Brain-to-Brain communication in Rats<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#029             20140531 – Robotics and the Mathematics of Origami<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#025             20140513 – Robotics advances through imitation of nature<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#020             20140503 – Reversing Aging – Google Calico<\/a><\/p>\n

            <\/a>
            \n#015             20140424 – Nano blood mites as medicine<\/a><\/p>\n

            \n

            <\/p>\n

            6. Emerging Technology<\/h3>\n

            2023<\/em><\/p>\n

          6. AI has designed bacteria-killing proteins from scratch \u2013 and they work<\/a>\n
          7. DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis Urges Caution on AI<\/a>\n
          8. Amazon’s drone-delivery service rolled out in California and Texas<\/a>\n
          9. Warn your children: Robots and AI are coming for their careers<\/a>\n
          10. AI Industrial Revolution puts middle class workers under threat this time<\/a>\n
          11. China Leads US in Technology Race in all but a few fields<\/a>\n
          12. Robot Hand Looks And Acts Like The Real Thing<\/a>\n
          13. Technology that would exceed GPT-4 and related capabilities<\/a>\n
          14. Wind Powered Cargo Ship<\/a>\n

            2022<\/em><\/p>\n

          15. 119 new AWS services from re:Invent 2022 explained simply<\/a>\n

            <\/a><\/p>\n

          16. #217 – Best of the Latest research in Computer Science<\/strong> May 11th, 2020<\/em>
            \nThe publisher Elsevier, long reviled in academic publications for its draconian pricing policies, has opened some of its archives to make freely available its             curated “best of” collections in computer science research<\/a>. Previous years are 2018, 2019. 2020 “best of” is free until Aug 20th. <\/p>\n\n

            <\/a><\/p>\n

          17. #208 – Xenobots – programmable robots made of living cells created in biology\/computer-science collaboration<\/strong>
            \n15th January, 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

            Research biologist Michael Levin (Tufts), computer scientist Josh Bongard (U.Vermont) and a team of specialists have created a new type of microscopic living robot: the xenobot. This is a tiny creature smaller than a pin-head created through microsurgery from stem cells of a particular species of frog. The design of the xenobot is selected to exhibit a certain behaviour, from amongst a catalog of designs created by simulation algorithms. For example, the combination of skin cells (passive) and heart cells (that contract) allow shapes with active beating cells. Placing these heart cells in specific locations on the xenobot give it locomotion. Altering placement and quantity of beating cells and geometry of the whole, allows the robots to be pre-programmed before fabrication to perform desired movements.<\/p>\n

            Envisioned applications include swimming through the body to deliver medicine to certain locations, or gathering microplastics in the ocean.<\/p>\n

            “In the past several decades, humankind has made staggering advances in robotics. Machines can now master difficult board games [e.g. AlphaZero using deep learning artificial intelligence [4]], and navigate tough terrain [e.g. AntBot using simple environmental cues [5]]; they can steer themselves as autonomous vehicles [e.g. autonomous bicycle using neuromorphic AI chips [6]], and search for survivors in the wake of disaster [e.g. all-terrain snake robots with cameras [7]]. But many of the basic functions that living things accomplish still flummox devices built by human hands. Even in their most creative configurations, metals and plastics simply can\u2019t live up to cells.”[1]<\/p>\n

            Reading List:<\/p>\n

          18. [1] Smithsonian (Katherine Wu)<\/a> – Xenobot\n
          19. [2] Wired (Matt Simon)<\/a> Xenobot\n
          20. [3] The Scientist (Emma Yasinkski)<\/a> – Xenobot\n
          21. [4] AlphaZero, Google’s new deep learning algorithm<\/a> that can master complex strategy games in a few hours, to beat traditional AI algorithms.\n
          22. [4b] AutoML Zero, Google’s new self-learning algorithm<\/a> that can allow AI programs to be developed with effectively zero human input. This is work that is intended to allow AI to evolve.\n
          23. [5] AntBot, developed by a French biomimetic research team<\/a> integrating the navigation strategies of a desert ant into a robot.\n
          24. [6] Neuromorphic chips <\/a>combine standard AI algorithms on a chip design modeled around thousands of neurons that fire when reaching a certain threshold, mimicking human brain’s learning mechanisms. Chinese researchers demonstrate a bicycle that can ride by itself using such a chip.\n
          25. [7] Snake-inspired biomimetic robotics<\/a> creates all-terrain capabilities from inside the body (surgical applications) to search-and-rescue, to climbing, and space exploration.\n
          26. [8] Could living robots be nourished by a bloodstream?<\/a> Blood perfusion technology can now keep livers alive outside the body for up to a week.
            \n\n

            <\/a><\/p>\n

          27. #207 – Human Brain-computer interfaces allow thought controlled typing speeds of up to 4-8 words per minute<\/strong>
            \n13th January, 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

            The technology is getting accurate and responsive enough to offer a way forward to make communication easier for thousands of people who have musculo-skeletal disorders that make speech, writing, or finger typing infeasible.<\/p>\n

          28. [1] Scientific American: Brain Computer interface to assisted typing<\/a>\n
          29. [2] Video: Illustrating the implanted sensors<\/a>\n
          30. [3] Research Paper: From thoughts to Text<\/a> (Xiang Zhang, Sep 26th, 2017)\n
          31. [4] #195 – Mind Controlled Robotics<\/a>
            \n
            \n

            <\/a><\/p>\n

          32. #199 – Flying Electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing (eVTOL) Taxis starting 2023<\/strong>
            \nTue 22th October, 2019 (before the COVID pandemic and before “return to office” was a thing) <\/em><\/p>\n

            What would it take to less the rigours of the daily commute? Let’s look at an example London commute, mine. May commute takes 80-90 minutes each way door-to-door (walk, train, tube), travelling just 26 miles. This makes my average speed 17 miles\/hr. Even under minimal traffic conditions (say at 0500h) this would still take 50 minutes by car (avg 31mph). <\/p>\n

            Indulging for a moment into the fantastical, at the 50% of the top speed of an average charter helicopter (75mph), and travelling as-the-crow-flies (20 miles)<\/a> means an average 16 minutes commute, assuming the helicopter could take off from my rear garden and land on the rooftop of the office building. <\/p>\n

            But is this realistic? Absolutely. Over a dozen companies are actively developing eVTOL vehicles, getting them tested, certified, and approved for passenger flight over densely populated urban areas, with commercial flight operations planned from 2023 onwards (2023 Uber Air, 2024 Lilium).<\/p>\n

            Volocopter, Germany (max range 22 miles, top speed 68 mph). Company<\/a>. Wikipedia.<\/a> Flight demonstrations (since 2011).
            \nLilium Jet, Germany (max range 180 miles, top speed 180 mph).             Company<\/a>. Wikipedia<\/a>. May 2019 hover demonstration<\/a>. Oct 2019 flight demonstration<\/a>.
            \nVertical Aerospace, Bristol UK (max range >100 miles).             Company<\/a>. Wikipedia<\/a>
            \nUber Air, US.             Company<\/a>. Concept article<\/a><\/p>\n

            Race to build a flying electric taxi (BBC News)<\/a>
            \n            The physics behind conventional helicopter maximum speed limit (Popular Mechanics)<\/a>
            \n            As-the-Crow-Flies distance calculator<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n

          33. #185 – Future of Personal Air Flight – Frank Zapata’s Jet Hoverboard featured in the 2019 French Bastille Day Parade today<\/strong>
            \nSun 14th July, 2019<\/em>
            \nFrank Zapata, France’s Tony Stark (Iron Man), or perhaps Green Goblin, this weekend soared above French crowds during the Bastille Day Parade, holding a rifle aboard his flying hoverboard. Made by his company Zapata Industries, the Flyboard is capable of up 190km\/hr for up to 10min. The user controls the Flyboard with his feet, and the jets are powered by liquid fuel carried in a rucksack on the flyer’s back. Independent twin jets are controlled by board logic to assist the flyer with stability and to prevent the Flyboard from spinning.<\/p>\n

            Watch the 3m video clip to catch a glimpse of the future of personalized flight.<\/p>\n