{"id":2524,"date":"2018-11-04T10:12:22","date_gmt":"2018-11-04T10:12:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/?p=2524"},"modified":"2024-10-04T13:21:42","modified_gmt":"2024-10-04T12:21:42","slug":"exploring-electronics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/exploring-electronics","title":{"rendered":"Electronics in the Junior School &#8211; Gateway to Technology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Electronics, computing, and applied mathematics are <strong>gateway subjects<\/strong> to <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/knowledge-engineering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">modern technology<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For young learners, we believe that electronics provides an ideal entry point.  It is practical, with manipulables.  It is easy to see cause and effect.  With the right equipment and approach, exploring electronics can begin for children as early as 3 years old.  <!--I've been play-testing these ideas with my children, Adam (3 yrs & 4 months) and Jasmine (6 yrs & 10 months), and a couple of teenagers (13 and 14 yrs).  Read on for the journey plan, and a photo gallery of what we've built so far.--><\/p>\n<p>There are many tangible benefits for young learners getting started in electronics: <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>fine motor skill development,\n<li>an intuition for how technological things work at a component level,\n<li>the integration of technology into the palette for imagination and creativity,\n<li>improved self-confidence,\n<li>strengthening a growth mindset,\n<li>building resilience,\n<li>raising the threshold of frustration,\n<li>better dexterity,\n<li>stronger focus.\n<div id=\"attachment_2537\" style=\"width: 549px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2537\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2537 \" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Adam-electronics-000-800x372.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"539\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Adam-electronics-000-800x372.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Adam-electronics-000-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Adam-electronics-000-150x70.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Adam-electronics-000-400x186.jpg 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Adam-electronics-000.jpg 989w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2537\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A three year old wiring his first circuit and the joy at seeing the LED, which he selected, light up!<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>How to make electronics accessible to young learners?<\/strong> Working with young learners on these topics should be an exploration between parent (or older mentor) and child, with the older mentor essentially the team&#8217;s sherpa (guide) to avoid pitfalls, carry the load, smooth the trek, and point out the wonders.  Without such a partnership, a young child&#8217;s natural curiousity will quickly turn to frustration and abandonment as their basic dexterity and analytical comprehension are (not surprisingly) insufficient for them to be independent. However, with help at hand to keep the momentum going, they can and do comprehend a surprising amount.  Sharing the wonder of electronics and the joy of the &#8220;maker culture&#8221; is of <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/turtle-logo-forth#priceless_benefit\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">priceless benefit<\/a> to young children.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How much are young children able to achieve?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This will obviously depend on the child and the adult partner accompanying them on their learning journey (co-journeyer &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/turtle-logo-forth\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">for programming<\/a>, for <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/exploring-electronics\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">electronics<\/a>).  With an enthusiastic parent and child, the following are possible:<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Electronics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A three year-old with adequate motor skills can do basic electronics with supervision (battery, cables, switch, resistor, led\/buzzer\/dc motor).\n<li>A five year-old can start to use bread-boards for electronics and independently create their own simple circuits.\n<li>A seven year-old can read a simple circuit diagram and wire it up correctly. She\/he can use pliers, wire strippers and other electric\/hobbyist tools safely.\n<li>An eight-year old can wire up a complex circuit with guidance, using components and a breadboard\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>In Computing:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A three year-old can direct a turtle logo using 5 keys (four movement, change color), recognizing and pressing keys to perform desired actions\n<li>A four year-old can independently guide the turtle to draw a pre-described simple object on screen (box, staircase)\n<li>A six year-old can solve harder challenges with the turtle-logo and begin to program the turtle (record\/playback)\n<li>A seven year-old can start learning programming with Forth (reading, keyboard use).\n<li>An eight year old can use a computer independently\n<li>A ten year old can work their way through \u201cStarting Forth\u201d relatively independently, and learn Forth using GForth, Notepad++, and Total Commander.\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The journey through electronics moves through seven stages<\/strong>: (1) electricity basics, (2) wiring &amp; circuits (batteries, light, and sound) (3) interfacing with the external environment (<a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/sensor-systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sensors<\/a> &#038; motors), (4) using IC chips, (5) soldering (teenagers only), (6) interfacing between hardware &#038; software (<a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/assembly-value\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">embedded systems<\/a>), and (7)<a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/sensor-networked-comms-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">designing smart technology<\/a> (robotics, autonomous systems, learning systems).  The first two stages are accessible to three &#038; four year olds; stage 3 to seven year olds; stages 4 &#038; 5 to 13-year olds; and the last two certainly by 15 years old and continuing on into university (where the material becomes highly mathematical).<\/p>\n<p>Ready to get started with Electronics?  <\/p>\n<p>Join us on the journey: check out our new venture: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mathscitech.org\/technology\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciTech Education &#8211; Empowering Young Innovators<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Computing in the Early-Years Mix<\/strong><br \/>\nIn 2016, I developed <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/turtle-logo-forth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Turtle Logo software in Forth<\/a> to introduce algorithmic thinking to 3+ year olds. By 6 years old they are able use the learn\/replay feature of the software to explore the essentials of programming, all before they can type. (To download the published software, see <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/turtle-logo-forth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>!)<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2051\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2051\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2051 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/DSC06436a_20pct-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Turtle Logo in Forth - Jasmine working with an early version\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/DSC06436a_20pct-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/DSC06436a_20pct-150x85.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/DSC06436a_20pct-400x225.jpg 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/DSC06436a_20pct.jpg 614w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2051\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jasmine working with an early version of Turtle Logo Forth.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><a id=\"photo-gallery\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Photo Gallery<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div id=\"attachment_2579\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2579\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2579\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.5495-800x271.png\" alt=\"Tiny flashlights... for little personalities (L-R: (a) ultra-bright reading light, 4 LEDs in parallel; (b) Xmas light, 3 colored LEDs; (c) white light flashlight, narrow beam; (d) &quot;Batman light&quot; - an Adam favourite - casts an orange bat shadow on the wall. \" width=\"640\" height=\"217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.5495-800x271.png 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.5495-300x102.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.5495-150x51.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.5495-400x135.png 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.5495.png 1211w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2579\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny flashlights&#8230; for little personalities (L-R: (a) ultra-bright reading light, 4 LEDs in parallel; (b) Xmas light, 3 colored LEDs; (c) white light flashlight, narrow beam; (d) &#8220;Batman light&#8221; &#8211; an Adam favourite &#8211; casts an orange bat shadow on the wall.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2587\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2587\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2587\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8618_JasmineAdam_flashlights-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jasmine &amp; Adam with their flashlights over porridge breakfast before school.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8618_JasmineAdam_flashlights-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8618_JasmineAdam_flashlights-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8618_JasmineAdam_flashlights-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8618_JasmineAdam_flashlights-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2587\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jasmine &amp; Adam with their flashlights over porridge breakfast before school.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_2583\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2583\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2583 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_8784-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_8784-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_8784-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_8784-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_8784-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_8784.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2583\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Batman light &#8211; incredibly, this went through the wash, but apart from replacing the push-button switch (which fell out), everything else, including battery, worked fine. Shines a bright light &amp; smells super sudsy \ud83d\ude42<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_2593\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2593\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2593\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_9036_BrightLightShining-e1544289760349-600x800.jpg\" alt=\"Bright Light Shining (4xLEDs, parallel 330-ohm circuit)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_9036_BrightLightShining-e1544289760349-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_9036_BrightLightShining-e1544289760349-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_9036_BrightLightShining-e1544289760349-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_9036_BrightLightShining-e1544289760349-400x533.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2593\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultra-bright reading light (4 LEDs in parallel): Each LED has its own loop with 330-ohm resistance (220R+110R), all feeding back into the push-button switch.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_2588\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2588\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2588\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8668_Jasmine_circuit-e1544288781474-600x800.jpg\" alt=\"Jasmine working on a series LED circuit (3 LEDs, 1 resistor)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8668_Jasmine_circuit-e1544288781474-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8668_Jasmine_circuit-e1544288781474-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8668_Jasmine_circuit-e1544288781474-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8668_Jasmine_circuit-e1544288781474-400x533.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2588\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jasmine working on a series LED circuit (3 LEDs, 1 resistor)<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_2586\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2586\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2586\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8895_Jasmine_PoliceCar-e1544288843455-600x800.jpg\" alt=\"Police Car with Lemon Juice powered LED!\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8895_Jasmine_PoliceCar-e1544288843455-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8895_Jasmine_PoliceCar-e1544288843455-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8895_Jasmine_PoliceCar-e1544288843455-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_8895_Jasmine_PoliceCar-e1544288843455-400x533.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2586\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Police Car with LED powered by Lemon Juice Battery, 5-cell, Zinc-Copper electrodes with Lemon Juice as the electrolyte<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_2746\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2746\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2746 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Gear_mechanics_sm-800x276.png\" alt=\"Gear mechanics to control a demonstration drawbridge. The gears on the left bring the bridge forward; the gears on the right can continue the pull, or return the bridge into place.\" width=\"640\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Gear_mechanics_sm-800x276.png 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Gear_mechanics_sm-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Gear_mechanics_sm-150x52.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Gear_mechanics_sm-400x138.png 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Gear_mechanics_sm.png 1228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2746\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gear mechanics to control a demonstration drawbridge. The gears on the left bring the bridge forward; the gears on the right can continue the pull, or return the bridge into place.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!--\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2605\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2605\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.0524.png\" alt=\"Oscillator circuit (2 transistors &amp; 2 caps to drive the oscillation, 2 transistors to drive the LEDs off switching signals)\" width=\"500\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.0524.png 772w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.0524-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.0524-150x90.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/screenshot.0524-400x239.png 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/> Oscillator circuit (2 transistors &amp; 2 caps to drive the oscillation, 2 transistors to drive the LEDs off switching signals)[\/caption]\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Img_9031_Electronic_Oscillator.mov\">VIDEO: See Electronic Oscillator II<\/a> with two additional caps to provide smooth glow &amp; fade instead of blink on\/off, and a speaker with additional cap to provide audio capture of the A\/C signal generated by the caps switching.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2739\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2739 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit-800x290.png\" alt=\"Wearable Harness: 4 x 5mm flashing LEDs with flexible 22-awg leads allowing sew-in to a sweatshirt, powered by 9V battery and rocker switch, soldered and heat shrunk wrapped for ruggedness.\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit-800x290.png 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit-150x54.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit-400x145.png 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit.png 986w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/> Wearable Harness: 4 x 5mm flashing LEDs with flexible 22-awg leads allowing sew-in to a sweatshirt, powered by 9V battery and rocker switch, soldered and heat shrunk wrapped for ruggedness.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2740\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2740 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit_sewn_in-800x372.png\" alt=\"Wearable Electronics: 4 Flashing LEDs sewn into sweater (two on chest, one each in sleevers near elbows), powered by 9V DC battery in belt pouch.\" width=\"640\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit_sewn_in-800x372.png 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit_sewn_in-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit_sewn_in-150x70.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit_sewn_in-400x186.png 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/harness_unlit_lit_sewn_in.png 989w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/> Wearable Electronics: 4 Flashing LEDs sewn into sweater (two on chest, one each in sleevers near elbows), powered by 9V DC battery in belt pouch.[\/caption]<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2741\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2741 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/DC-regulator-9V-to-5V-800x408.png\" alt=\"Regulated 5V power source for stable, 9V battery-powered source, for digital logic signals.\" width=\"640\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/DC-regulator-9V-to-5V-800x408.png 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/DC-regulator-9V-to-5V-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/DC-regulator-9V-to-5V-150x77.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/DC-regulator-9V-to-5V-400x204.png 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/DC-regulator-9V-to-5V.png 872w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/> Regulated 5V power source for stable, 9V battery-powered source, for digital logic signals.[\/caption]<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2742\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2742 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/GPIOboard_for_stepper_motor_control-800x261.png\" alt=\"Digital GPIO board for manual Stepper Motor control (28BYJ48) using ULN2003 driver board. Soldered onto protoboard.\" width=\"640\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/GPIOboard_for_stepper_motor_control-800x261.png 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/GPIOboard_for_stepper_motor_control-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/GPIOboard_for_stepper_motor_control-150x49.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/GPIOboard_for_stepper_motor_control-400x131.png 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/GPIOboard_for_stepper_motor_control.png 989w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/> Digital GPIO board for manual Stepper Motor control (28BYJ48) using ULN2003 driver board. Soldered onto protoboard.[\/caption]<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2743\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2743 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/8052_control_of_stepper_motors-800x460.png\" alt=\"Microcontroller 8052 driving stepper motors automatically using 4-bit GPIO lines on Port 0. 8052 dev board is by Technico (AT89S52 chip) using USB in-situ programming (ISP) to upload 8052 machine code, compiled from C code using Keil 8051 compiler.\" width=\"640\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/8052_control_of_stepper_motors-800x460.png 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/8052_control_of_stepper_motors-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/8052_control_of_stepper_motors-150x86.png 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/8052_control_of_stepper_motors-400x230.png 400w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/8052_control_of_stepper_motors.png 886w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/> Microcontroller 8052 driving stepper motors automatically using 4-bit GPIO lines on Port 0. 8052 dev board is by Technico (AT89S52 chip) using USB in-situ programming (ISP) to upload 8052 machine code, compiled from C code using Keil 8051 compiler.[\/caption]<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>\n\n<strong>13-key pure analog music synthesizer<\/strong> I built this prototype keyboard\/sound synthesizer using a chain of 13 astable multivibrator circuits whose outputs are connected to an audio amplifier chip (LM386) and 8-ohm\/0.2W\/2\" speaker, all powered off a 9V DC battery.Each individual circuit is tuned to one of the 13 <a href=\"http:\/\/pages.mtu.edu\/~suits\/notefreqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">frequencies in a musical octave<\/a> (C5, C#, D, etc. up to C6) by varying a fine-tune trimpot that is in series with specific resistor values and which get the oscillation into the ballpark frequency.<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/peobYmtDthQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check out what it sounds like! (Youtube demo).<\/a> (Safe to start at 0:49 to skip the explanation of how it works, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/e\/pop-culture\/the-wadsworth-constant\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wadsworth's constant<\/a> :))<\/li>\n\n\n\nFor more details, check out the separate article <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/building-music-synthesizer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Building a 13-key music synthesizer from scratch<\/a>.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2906\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1005\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2906 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/13-keys_with_trimpots_sm.jpg\" alt=\"Built 13-key music synthesizer with a pure analog design using chain of 13 independent astable multivibrator type oscillators with trimmer pots for tuneability.\" width=\"1005\" height=\"595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/13-keys_with_trimpots_sm.jpg 1005w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/13-keys_with_trimpots_sm-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/13-keys_with_trimpots_sm-800x474.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/13-keys_with_trimpots_sm-150x89.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/13-keys_with_trimpots_sm-400x237.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px\" \/> Built 13-key music synthesizer with a pure analog design using chain of 13 independent astable multivibrator type oscillators with trimmer pots for tuneability.[\/caption]\n\nSee video here:\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/peobYmtDthQ?start=43\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<li>Two-Tone Siren Generator, but with lots of other uses also.<\/li>\n\n\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_2977\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2977 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_0070r_TwoTone-Siren_BuiltOut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Two-Tone Siren \/ Sound Effects Generator, using 3 x 555 timer chips in astable multivibrator mode, and 4 user controllable parameters : tone1 pitch, tone2 pitch, cycle speed between tones, and volume.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_0070r_TwoTone-Siren_BuiltOut-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_0070r_TwoTone-Siren_BuiltOut-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_0070r_TwoTone-Siren_BuiltOut-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IMG_0070r_TwoTone-Siren_BuiltOut-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/> Two-Tone Siren \/ Sound Effects Generator, using 3 x 555 timer chips in astable multivibrator mode, and 4 user controllable parameters : tone1 pitch, tone2 pitch, cycle speed between tones, and volume.[\/caption]\n\nSee video <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hU7ytVeKRsA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>:\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hU7ytVeKRsA\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n--><\/p>\n<p><!-- \n\n\n<hr \/>\n\n\n\n\n<h3>Getting Started<\/h3>\n\n\nTo get started yourself with Electronics, check out our <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/electronics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ELECTRONICS PAGE<\/a> with supply listings and references. \n\nTo advance to the <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/experimenting-with-microcontrollers-an-arduino-nano-development-kit-for-under-12\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">use of microcontrollers and software controlled electronics<\/a>, see the next <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/experimenting-with-microcontrollers-an-arduino-nano-development-kit-for-under-12\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">article here<\/a>, based on the low-cost, high performance Arduino Nano (\u00a312 development kit).\n\nTo program embedded systems such as the Arduino platform, you will have to become reasonably comfortable with:\n\n\n<ol>\n\t\n\n<li>Basic Electronics - light (LEDs, resistors), sound (buzzer), movement (dc motor), buttons & switches<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>Programming - we'll use <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/forth\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Forth<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>Power User - General Computing - file manager (<a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/computing-toolkits\/totcmd\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Total Commander<\/a>), text editor (<a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/computing-toolkits\/npp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Notepad++<\/a>), serial terminal (RealTerm)<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nTo start to build real systems, you will need to add:\n\n\n<ol>\n\t\n\n<li>Intermediate Electronics - transistors, power, basic maths of electronics, multi-meter testing\n        \n\n<li>Elementary Crafts - hot glue gun, electronic soldering, heat gun\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nYou'll need some <a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/electronics\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">equipment and supplies<\/a>.  The basics:\n\n\n<ol>\n\n\n<li>Arduino Nano, USB mini\n\n\n<li>Artuino compiler software (free and open source)\n\n\n<li>400 tie-points (medium) breadboard\n\n\n<li>Jumper wires (short & long, MM, MF)\n\n\n<li>Standard LEDs (RWB)\n\n\n<li>Resistors (300R is good enough to protect LEDs on 5V circuit)\n\n\n<li>Buzzer\n\n\n<li>Lily Pad DC 1.5V AAA to 5V boost-converter\n\n\n<li>AAA battery\n\n\n<li>Windows computer\n\n\n<li>Pliers, Wire Cutters & Safety Glasses\n\n\n<li>Test Hook Clip cables (x5)\n\n\n<li>Rocker switch\n\n\n<li>Tactile switch (momentary pushbutton)\n\n\n<li>Glide switch\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/lesson-light-sound\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Light & Sound with the Arduino<\/a>\n--><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Share your experiences, observations, and links to your projects in the comments.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electronics, computing, and applied mathematics are gateway subjects to modern technology.<\/p>\n<p>For young learners, we believe that electronics provides an ideal entry point. It is practical, with manipulables. It is easy to see cause and effect. With the right equipment and approach, exploring electronics can begin for children as early as 3 years old. <\/p>\n<p> [Read More&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,132,3,12],"tags":[121,172,181,170],"coauthors":[112],"class_list":["post-2524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","category-electronics","category-general","category-technology","tag-education","tag-electronics","tag-inspiriation","tag-tech-for-children","odd"],"views":6708,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2524"}],"version-history":[{"count":100,"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2524\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12072,"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2524\/revisions\/12072"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2524"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2524"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2524"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathscitech.org\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}